{"id":5,"date":"2023-01-03T12:25:40","date_gmt":"2023-01-03T12:25:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/?p=5"},"modified":"2023-04-07T08:35:33","modified_gmt":"2023-04-07T08:35:33","slug":"chapter-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/chapter\/chapter-1\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 1 : What are Genes?","rendered":"Chapter 1 : What are Genes?"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<span>By the end of this chapter, readers will be able to:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Discuss what are genes?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the organization of genes in Prokaryotes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss the organization of genes in Eukaryotes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Compare\u00a0prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene Organization<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain what are chromosomes, their types and function<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>1. Genes-Characteristics and Function<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Genes are the basic unit of inheritance containing the information for physical and biological traits. They contain the information necessary for living cells to survive and reproduce . Genes are regions of the DNA .They are passed from parents to offspring. They code for specific proteins or segments of proteins. Humans have approximately 20,000 protein coding genes . These\u00a0 20,000 protein coding genes are encoded only 1.5% of the entire human genome. Not all genes code only for proteins , some genes encode information for making an RNA molecule that functions other than directly coding for a protein.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Genes in genome of eukaryotes consist of exons and introns. <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"878\"]Exons[\/pb_glossary] <\/strong>are the protein coding regions of mRNA. These are the regions that contain information for making a protein whereas other regions of the RNA are non-coding and these regions are called <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"879\"]introns[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span>The majority of human genes have two or more possible\u00a0<\/span><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"880\"]alleles[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><span>, which are alternative forms of a gene. Differences in alleles account for the considerable genetic variation among people. In fact, most human genetic variation is the result of differences in individual DNA bases within alleles.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/01\/1016px-Gene_Intron_Exon_nb.svg_-1.png\" alt=\"Picture depicting introns ,exons and genes \" width=\"577\" height=\"482\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-41\" \/><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"background-color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gene_Intron_Exon_nb.svg\">\"Gene_Intron_Exon\"<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: center;background-color: #ffffff\">\u00a0by\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"background-color: #ffffff\">Smedlib via Wikimedia commons<\/a><a style=\"background-color: #ffffff\"><\/a><a style=\"background-color: #ffffff\"><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: center;background-color: #ffffff\">\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"background-color: #ffffff\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><span>By the end of this chapter, readers will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Discuss what are genes?<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Explain the organization of genes in Prokaryotes<\/li>\n<li>Discuss the organization of genes in Eukaryotes<\/li>\n<li>Compare\u00a0prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene Organization<\/li>\n<li>Explain what are chromosomes, their types and function<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>1. Genes-Characteristics and Function<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Genes are the basic unit of inheritance containing the information for physical and biological traits. They contain the information necessary for living cells to survive and reproduce . Genes are regions of the DNA .They are passed from parents to offspring. They code for specific proteins or segments of proteins. Humans have approximately 20,000 protein coding genes . These\u00a0 20,000 protein coding genes are encoded only 1.5% of the entire human genome. Not all genes code only for proteins , some genes encode information for making an RNA molecule that functions other than directly coding for a protein.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Genes in genome of eukaryotes consist of exons and introns. <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_5_878\">Exons<\/a> <\/strong>are the protein coding regions of mRNA. These are the regions that contain information for making a protein whereas other regions of the RNA are non-coding and these regions are called <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_5_879\">introns<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span>The majority of human genes have two or more possible\u00a0<\/span><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_5_880\">alleles<\/a><\/strong><span>, which are alternative forms of a gene. Differences in alleles account for the considerable genetic variation among people. In fact, most human genetic variation is the result of differences in individual DNA bases within alleles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/01\/1016px-Gene_Intron_Exon_nb.svg_-1.png\" alt=\"Picture depicting introns ,exons and genes\" width=\"577\" height=\"482\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-41\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/01\/1016px-Gene_Intron_Exon_nb.svg_-1.png 1016w, https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/01\/1016px-Gene_Intron_Exon_nb.svg_-1-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/01\/1016px-Gene_Intron_Exon_nb.svg_-1-768x641.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/01\/1016px-Gene_Intron_Exon_nb.svg_-1-65x54.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/01\/1016px-Gene_Intron_Exon_nb.svg_-1-225x188.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/01\/1016px-Gene_Intron_Exon_nb.svg_-1-350x292.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 577px) 100vw, 577px\" \/><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"background-color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gene_Intron_Exon_nb.svg\">&#8220;Gene_Intron_Exon&#8221;<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: center;background-color: #ffffff\">\u00a0by\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"background-color: #ffffff\">Smedlib via Wikimedia commons<\/a><a style=\"background-color: #ffffff\"><\/a><a style=\"background-color: #ffffff\"><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: center;background-color: #ffffff\">\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"background-color: #ffffff\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_5_878\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_5_878\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>These are the protein coding sequences of mRNA<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_5_879\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_5_879\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>These are the intervening , non coding\u00a0 sequences of m RNA<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_5_880\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_5_880\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>These are alternative forms of a gene. Differences in alleles account for the considerable genetic variation among people.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Genes- Characteristics and Function","pb_subtitle":"Genes- Characteristics and Function","pb_authors":["dr-v-malathi"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-sa"},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[61],"license":[54],"class_list":["post-5","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard","contributor-dr-v-malathi","license-cc-by-sa"],"aioseo_notices":[],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":979,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5\/revisions\/979"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=5"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=5"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=5"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}