{"id":299,"date":"2023-03-14T17:09:49","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T17:09:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/?post_type=chapter&p=299"},"modified":"2023-04-07T11:20:12","modified_gmt":"2023-04-07T11:20:12","slug":"eukaryotic-transcription","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/chapter\/eukaryotic-transcription\/","title":{"raw":"Eukaryotic Transcription","rendered":"Eukaryotic Transcription"},"content":{"raw":"

Eukaryotic Transcription<\/h2>\r\n

Eukaryotic transcription is carried out in the nucleus of the cell . Eukaryotes also employ three different polymerases that each transcribe the various subset of genes. The process take place in three stages as\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n \t
  1. Initiation<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. Elongation<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. Termination.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    \u00a0Eukaryotes require proteins, called\u00a0<\/span>transcription factors<\/strong>, to first bind to the promoter region which then help to recruit the appropriate polymerase.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases\u00a0<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n

    The\u00a0 three different RNA polymerases in eukaryotes, each\u00a0 comprise\u00a0 of 10 subunits or more and require a distinct set of transcription factors to bring the RNA polymerase to the DNA template.<\/p>\r\n

    RNA polymerase I<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>is located in the nucleolus. Transcribe the genes for Ribosomal RNA ( r RNA)- transcribes the 28S, 18S, and 5.8S rRNA genes.<\/span> . These are structural RNAs has they have a cellular role but are translated in to protein.. The rRNAs are components of the ribosome and are essential to the process of translation. RNA polymerase I synthesizes most of the rRNAs.<\/p>\r\n

    RNA polymerase II<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>is located in the nucleus.\u00a0 Synthesizes all\u00a0 pre-mRNAs and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) involved in rRNA processing and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) involved in mRNA processing, except for U6 snRNA. T<\/span>he\u00a0 eukaryotic pre-mRNAs undergo extensive processing after transcription but before translation.<\/p>\r\n

    RNA polymerase III<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>is also located in the nucleus. This polymerase transcribes a variety of structural RNAs including tRNA, 5S rRNA, U6 snRNA, and the 7S RNA associated with the signal recognition particle (SRP)<\/span>. The tRNAs have a critical role serve as the adaptor molecules between the mRNA template and the growing polypeptide chain. Small nuclear RNAs have a variety of functions, including \u201csplicing\u201d pre-mRNAs and regulating transcription factors.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    RNA Polymerase<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCellular Compartment<\/strong><\/td>\r\nProduct of Transcription<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u03b1-Amanitin Sensitivity<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    <\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    I<\/td>\r\nNucleolus<\/td>\r\nAll rRNAs except 5S rRNA<\/td>\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Insensitive<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    <\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    II<\/td>\r\nNucleus<\/td>\r\nAll protein-coding nuclear pre-mRNAs<\/td>\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Extremely sensitive<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    <\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    III<\/td>\r\nNucleus<\/td>\r\n5S rRNA, tRNAs, and small nuclear RNAs<\/td>\r\n\r\n

    Moderately sensitive<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

    Each of the types of RNA polymerase recognizes a different promoter sequence and requires different transcription factors.<\/p>\r\n

    The RNA polymerase transcribes one strand, the antisense (-) strand, of the DNA template. <\/span>RNA synthesis does not require a primer and <\/span>occurs in the 5\u2019 \u2192 3\u2019 direction . <\/span><\/p>\r\n

    The RNA polymerase catalyzes a nucleophilic attack by the 3'-OH of the growing RNA chain on the alpha-phosphorus atom of an incoming ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

    All three of the nuclear RNA <\/span>polymerases are complex enzyme . Each <\/span>consisting of 8 to 14 different subunit . Although they recognize different promoters and transcribe distinct classes of genes, they share several common features.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

    The two largest subunits of all three eukaryotic RNA polymerases are related to the \u03b2 and \u03b2\u2032subunits of the single\u00a0<\/span>E<\/i>.\u00a0<\/span>coli<\/i> RNA polymerase<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

    In addition, all three eukaryotic polymerases have common five subunits .<\/span><\/p>","rendered":"

    Eukaryotic Transcription<\/h2>\n

    Eukaryotic transcription is carried out in the nucleus of the cell . Eukaryotes also employ three different polymerases that each transcribe the various subset of genes. The process take place in three stages as\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Initiation<\/li>\n
    2. Elongation<\/li>\n
    3. Termination.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u00a0Eukaryotes require proteins, called\u00a0<\/span>transcription factors<\/strong>, to first bind to the promoter region which then help to recruit the appropriate polymerase.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases\u00a0<\/strong><\/h1>\n

      The\u00a0 three different RNA polymerases in eukaryotes, each\u00a0 comprise\u00a0 of 10 subunits or more and require a distinct set of transcription factors to bring the RNA polymerase to the DNA template.<\/p>\n

      RNA polymerase I<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>is located in the nucleolus. Transcribe the genes for Ribosomal RNA ( r RNA)- transcribes the 28S, 18S, and 5.8S rRNA genes.<\/span> . These are structural RNAs has they have a cellular role but are translated in to protein.. The rRNAs are components of the ribosome and are essential to the process of translation. RNA polymerase I synthesizes most of the rRNAs.<\/p>\n

      RNA polymerase II<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>is located in the nucleus.\u00a0 Synthesizes all\u00a0 pre-mRNAs and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) involved in rRNA processing and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) involved in mRNA processing, except for U6 snRNA. T<\/span>he\u00a0 eukaryotic pre-mRNAs undergo extensive processing after transcription but before translation.<\/p>\n

      RNA polymerase III<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>is also located in the nucleus. This polymerase transcribes a variety of structural RNAs including tRNA, 5S rRNA, U6 snRNA, and the 7S RNA associated with the signal recognition particle (SRP)<\/span>. The tRNAs have a critical role serve as the adaptor molecules between the mRNA template and the growing polypeptide chain. Small nuclear RNAs have a variety of functions, including \u201csplicing\u201d pre-mRNAs and regulating transcription factors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      RNA Polymerase<\/strong><\/td>\nCellular Compartment<\/strong><\/td>\nProduct of Transcription<\/strong><\/td>\n\u03b1-Amanitin Sensitivity<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      I<\/td>\nNucleolus<\/td>\nAll rRNAs except 5S rRNA<\/td>\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Insensitive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      II<\/td>\nNucleus<\/td>\nAll protein-coding nuclear pre-mRNAs<\/td>\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Extremely sensitive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      III<\/td>\nNucleus<\/td>\n5S rRNA, tRNAs, and small nuclear RNAs<\/td>\n\n

      Moderately sensitive<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Each of the types of RNA polymerase recognizes a different promoter sequence and requires different transcription factors.<\/p>\n

      The RNA polymerase transcribes one strand, the antisense (-) strand, of the DNA template. <\/span>RNA synthesis does not require a primer and <\/span>occurs in the 5\u2019 \u2192 3\u2019 direction . <\/span><\/p>\n

      The RNA polymerase catalyzes a nucleophilic attack by the 3′-OH of the growing RNA chain on the alpha-phosphorus atom of an incoming ribonucleoside 5′-triphosphate.<\/span><\/p>\n

      All three of the nuclear RNA <\/span>polymerases are complex enzyme . Each <\/span>consisting of 8 to 14 different subunit . Although they recognize different promoters and transcribe distinct classes of genes, they share several common features.<\/span><\/p>\n

      The two largest subunits of all three eukaryotic RNA polymerases are related to the \u03b2 and \u03b2\u2032subunits of the single\u00a0<\/span>E<\/i>.\u00a0<\/span>coli<\/i> RNA polymerase<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

      In addition, all three eukaryotic polymerases have common five subunits .<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Eukaryotic Transcription ","pb_subtitle":"Eukaryotic Transcription","pb_authors":["dr-v-malathi"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[61],"license":[54],"class_list":["post-299","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-v-malathi","license-cc-by-sa"],"aioseo_notices":[],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/299","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/299\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1054,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/299\/revisions\/1054"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/299\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=299"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=299"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=299"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}