{"id":186,"date":"2023-03-09T15:40:45","date_gmt":"2023-03-09T15:40:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=186"},"modified":"2023-05-20T08:42:04","modified_gmt":"2023-05-20T08:42:04","slug":"chapter-2-what-is-gene-expression","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/chapter\/chapter-2-what-is-gene-expression\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 2- What is Gene expression?","rendered":"Chapter 2- What is Gene expression?"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<span>By the end of this chapter, readers will be able to:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Discuss flow of information in biological systems\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the process of Transcription and Translation\u00a0 in Prokaryotes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss about Eukaryotic Transcription and Translation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Analyze the importance\u00a0 of Transcription and Translation .<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 1.80225em\">Gene Expression<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The process of turning on a gene to produce RNA and protein is called\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"917\"]<strong>gene expression<\/strong>.[\/pb_glossary] For a cell to function properly appropriate\u00a0 proteins must be synthesized at the appropriate\u00a0 time. Whether in a simple unicellular organism\u00a0 or a complex multi-cellular organism, each cell controls\u00a0<span>\u00a0<\/span><em><strong>when<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em><strong>how<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0its genes are expressed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span><b>Central Dogma of Molecular Biology -Information flow in biological systems<\/b><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The <b>central dogma of molecular biology<\/b><span>\u00a0 explains <\/span>the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It is often stated as \"<em><strong>DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein<\/strong><\/em>\" .<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span>\u00a0DNA can be copied to DNA through a molecular process called DNA Replication. Instructions for making\u00a0 proteins with the correct sequence of amino acids are encoded in DNA.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span>\u00a0This information in DNA can be copied into RNA\u00a0 through the molecular process called\u00a0 <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"919\"]Transcription [\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>by which <\/span>the information in the DNA of every cell is converted into small, portable RNA messages.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span>\u00a0Proteins can be synthesized using the information in mRNA as a template through the molecular process called <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"921\"]Translation.[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>During translation, the RNA messages travel from DNA\u00a0 in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where they are \u2018read\u2019 to make specific proteins.<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/03\/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg\" alt=\"The flow of biological information in cell- Central dogma of protein synthesis \" width=\"279\" height=\"341\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-195\" \/><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nImage of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology#\/media\/File:Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">\"An overview of the (basic) central dogma of molecular biochemistry\"<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0by\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1em\">Dhorspool at en.wikipedia<\/a><a style=\"font-size: 1em\"><\/a><a style=\"font-size: 1em\"><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><span>By the end of this chapter, readers will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Discuss flow of information in biological systems\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Explain the process of Transcription and Translation\u00a0 in Prokaryotes<\/li>\n<li>Discuss about Eukaryotic Transcription and Translation<\/li>\n<li>Analyze the importance\u00a0 of Transcription and Translation .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 1.80225em\">Gene Expression<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The process of turning on a gene to produce RNA and protein is called\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_917\"><strong>gene expression<\/strong>.<\/a> For a cell to function properly appropriate\u00a0 proteins must be synthesized at the appropriate\u00a0 time. Whether in a simple unicellular organism\u00a0 or a complex multi-cellular organism, each cell controls\u00a0<span>\u00a0<\/span><em><strong>when<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em><strong>how<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0its genes are expressed.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span><b>Central Dogma of Molecular Biology -Information flow in biological systems<\/b><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The <b>central dogma of molecular biology<\/b><span>\u00a0 explains <\/span>the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It is often stated as &#8220;<em><strong>DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein<\/strong><\/em>&#8221; .<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span>\u00a0DNA can be copied to DNA through a molecular process called DNA Replication. Instructions for making\u00a0 proteins with the correct sequence of amino acids are encoded in DNA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span>\u00a0This information in DNA can be copied into RNA\u00a0 through the molecular process called\u00a0 <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_919\">Transcription <\/a><\/strong>by which <\/span>the information in the DNA of every cell is converted into small, portable RNA messages.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span>\u00a0Proteins can be synthesized using the information in mRNA as a template through the molecular process called <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_921\">Translation.<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>During translation, the RNA messages travel from DNA\u00a0 in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where they are \u2018read\u2019 to make specific proteins.<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/03\/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg\" alt=\"The flow of biological information in cell- Central dogma of protein synthesis\" width=\"279\" height=\"341\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-195\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/03\/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg 318w, https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/03\/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes-245x300.jpg 245w, https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/03\/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes-65x80.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2023\/03\/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes-225x275.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 279px) 100vw, 279px\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Image of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology#\/media\/File:Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">&#8220;An overview of the (basic) central dogma of molecular biochemistry&#8221;<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0by\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1em\">Dhorspool at en.wikipedia<\/a><a style=\"font-size: 1em\"><\/a><a style=\"font-size: 1em\"><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_186_917\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_186_917\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The process of turning on a gene to produce RNA and protein<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_186_919\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_186_919\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The molecular process by which the information in DNA is copied in to RNA. This process is carried out in the nucleus of the cell<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_186_921\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_186_921\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The process by which the information in mRNA is decoded forming protein. This is carried out in the cytoplasm of the cell<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"What is Gene expression?","pb_subtitle":"Central Dogma of Molecular Biology","pb_authors":["dr-v-malathi"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[61],"license":[54],"class_list":["post-186","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-v-malathi","license-cc-by-sa"],"aioseo_notices":[],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/186","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/186\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1108,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/186\/revisions\/1108"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/186\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=186"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=186"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=186"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=186"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}