{"id":108,"date":"2023-03-05T03:16:38","date_gmt":"2023-03-05T03:16:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=108"},"modified":"2023-04-07T08:40:47","modified_gmt":"2023-04-07T08:40:47","slug":"chromosomes-types","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/chapter\/chromosomes-types\/","title":{"raw":"Chromosomes - Structure ,Types and Functions","rendered":"Chromosomes &#8211; Structure ,Types and Functions"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #993366;background-color: #ffffff\"><strong>Structure of Chromosomes\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<span>Each chromosome has a constriction point called the centromere. The centromere divides the chromosome into two sections, or \u201carms.\u201d The short arm of the chromosome is labeled the [pb_glossary id=\"906\"]\u201cp arm.\u201d[\/pb_glossary] The long arm of the chromosome is labeled the [pb_glossary id=\"907\"]\u201cq arm.\u201d[\/pb_glossary] The location of the centromere on each chromosome gives the chromosome its characteristic shape, and can be used to help describe the location of specific genes.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span>[h5p id=\"1\"]<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Types of Chromosomes\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\r\nApart from the two types of\u00a0 chromosomes namely Autosomes and Allosomes , Chromosomes may be classified further :\r\n\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">I. On the basis of location of centromere<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span><strong>Telocentric<\/strong>\u2013 Telocentric chromosomes have the centromere at the end of the chromosome . Here centromere occupy the terminal position. Thus, the chromosome in this case\u00a0 has just one arm. Such rod shaped chromosomes are found in species such as mice.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span><strong>Acrocentric- <\/strong>In this type ,centromere occupying a sub-terminal position\u00a0 making one arm very long and the other very short. Human chromosomes 13, 15, 21, and 22 are acrocentric.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span><strong>Sub-metacentric<\/strong>\u2013 This type of chromosomes are with centromere slightly away from the mid-point. The two arms are unequal. Human chromosomes 4 through 12 are sub-metacentric.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span><strong>Metacentric-<\/strong> Metacentric chromosomes are V-shaped . The\u00a0 centromere lies in the middle of chro\u00admosome or in the center.\u00a0 The two arms are almost equal. Human chromosome 1 and 3 are metacentric.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>II. On the basis of number of centromere<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span><strong>Monocentric- C<\/strong>hromosomes are with one centromere.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span><strong>Dicentric-<\/strong>Chromosomes\u00a0 with two centromeres.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span><strong>Polycentric- <\/strong>Chromosomes with\u00a0more than two centromeres.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span><strong>Acentric-\u00a0<\/strong>Such chromosomes are without centromere. These are freshly broken segments of chromosomes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span><strong>Diffused or non-located-<\/strong> These are chromosomes with indistinct centromere diffused throughout the length of chromosome.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #993366;background-color: #ffffff\"><strong>Functions of Chromosomes\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Chromosomes are the essential unit for cellular division<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Chromosomes must be replicated, divided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of their progeny.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Chromosomes protect the DNA from damage<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The dynamics of\u00a0 chromosome structural changes regulate gene expression.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Chromosomal recombination plays a vital role in genetic diversity.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><\/p>","rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #993366;background-color: #ffffff\"><strong>Structure of Chromosomes\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span>Each chromosome has a constriction point called the centromere. The centromere divides the chromosome into two sections, or \u201carms.\u201d The short arm of the chromosome is labeled the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_108_906\">\u201cp arm.\u201d<\/a> The long arm of the chromosome is labeled the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_108_907\">\u201cq arm.\u201d<\/a> The location of the centromere on each chromosome gives the chromosome its characteristic shape, and can be used to help describe the location of specific genes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-1\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-1\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"1\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chromosome structure\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Types of Chromosomes\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>Apart from the two types of\u00a0 chromosomes namely Autosomes and Allosomes , Chromosomes may be classified further :<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">I. On the basis of location of centromere<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span><strong>Telocentric<\/strong>\u2013 Telocentric chromosomes have the centromere at the end of the chromosome . Here centromere occupy the terminal position. Thus, the chromosome in this case\u00a0 has just one arm. Such rod shaped chromosomes are found in species such as mice.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span><strong>Acrocentric- <\/strong>In this type ,centromere occupying a sub-terminal position\u00a0 making one arm very long and the other very short. Human chromosomes 13, 15, 21, and 22 are acrocentric.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span><strong>Sub-metacentric<\/strong>\u2013 This type of chromosomes are with centromere slightly away from the mid-point. The two arms are unequal. Human chromosomes 4 through 12 are sub-metacentric.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span><strong>Metacentric-<\/strong> Metacentric chromosomes are V-shaped . The\u00a0 centromere lies in the middle of chro\u00admosome or in the center.\u00a0 The two arms are almost equal. Human chromosome 1 and 3 are metacentric.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>II. On the basis of number of centromere<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span><strong>Monocentric- C<\/strong>hromosomes are with one centromere.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span><strong>Dicentric-<\/strong>Chromosomes\u00a0 with two centromeres.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span><strong>Polycentric- <\/strong>Chromosomes with\u00a0more than two centromeres.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span><strong>Acentric-\u00a0<\/strong>Such chromosomes are without centromere. These are freshly broken segments of chromosomes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span><strong>Diffused or non-located-<\/strong> These are chromosomes with indistinct centromere diffused throughout the length of chromosome.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #993366;background-color: #ffffff\"><strong>Functions of Chromosomes\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Chromosomes are the essential unit for cellular division<\/li>\n<li>Chromosomes must be replicated, divided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of their progeny.<\/li>\n<li>Chromosomes protect the DNA from damage<\/li>\n<li>The dynamics of\u00a0 chromosome structural changes regulate gene expression.<\/li>\n<li>Chromosomal recombination plays a vital role in genetic diversity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_108_906\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_108_906\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The short arm of the chromosome<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_108_907\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_108_907\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The long arm of chromosome<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Chromosomes ,Structure ,Functions ","pb_subtitle":"Chromosomes ,Structure ,Functions ","pb_authors":["dr-v-malathi"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[61],"license":[54],"class_list":["post-108","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-v-malathi","license-cc-by-sa"],"aioseo_notices":[],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":120,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108\/revisions\/120"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=108"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=108"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=108"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/understanding-gene-regulation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}