{"id":299,"date":"2024-05-18T19:50:41","date_gmt":"2024-05-18T18:50:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/thermalmethodsofanalysis\/chapter\/self-assessment-activity-and-responses\/"},"modified":"2024-05-19T19:12:33","modified_gmt":"2024-05-19T18:12:33","slug":"self-assessment-activity-and-responses","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/thermalmethodsofanalysis\/chapter\/self-assessment-activity-and-responses\/","title":{"raw":"Self-Assessment Activity and Responses","rendered":"Self-Assessment Activity and Responses"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

Activity 1A: <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
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Thermal effect\/change<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Name of thermal method<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Weight<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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TG<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Dimension<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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TMA<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Energy (difference in temperature)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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DTA<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Acoustic property<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Thermoacoustimery<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Optical property<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Thermopotometry<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Electrical conductivity<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Electrothermal Analysis<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Magnetic property<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Thermomagnetometry<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Activity 1B:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
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Technique <\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Quantity Measured<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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1)DSC<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Heat and temperature of transition and reactions<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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2)DTA<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Temperature of transitions and reactions.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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3)EGA<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Amount of gaseous products of thermally induced reactions.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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4)TG<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Weight change<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Activity 1C:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
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Phenomenon<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Exothermic<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Endothermic<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Adsorption<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Desorption<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Fusion (melting)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Vaporization <\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Decomposition<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Dehydration<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Activity 1D:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
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Phenomenon<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Weight gain<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Weight loss<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Endothermic<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Exothermic<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Melting<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Adsorption of gas<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Desorption of gas<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Vaporisation<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Dehydration<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Decomposition<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Sublimation<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Activity 2A:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
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Phenomenon<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Physical<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Chemical <\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Adsorption<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Dehydration<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Desorption<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Fusion (melting)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Chemisorption<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Vaporization<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Decomposition<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Redox reactions<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Reduction in gaseous atmosphere<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Activity 2B: <\/strong><\/p>\r\n

a. The part of the TG curve where the mass is essentially constant \u2013 Plateau AB<\/p>\r\n

b. The temperature at which cumulative mass change reaches a magnitude<\/p>\r\n

that the thermobalance can detect -Point B<\/p>\r\n

c. The temperature at which the cumulative mass change reaches a maximum-Point C<\/p>\r\n

Activity 2C: <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
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Phenomenon<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n

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Type<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Sublimation<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n

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Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Adsorption of gas<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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X<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n
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Desorption of gas<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n

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Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Vaporisation<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Dehydration<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n

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Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Decomposition<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Y<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Melting<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n

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None<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Activity 2D:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

A derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curve represents a plot of mass of sample, as a function of temperature. <\/span><\/span>T\/F<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

A point of inflection on a thermogravimetric (TG) curve will correspond to a minimum on the DTG curve for a given chemical decomposition.<\/span><\/span>T<\/strong>\/F<\/p>\r\n

A \u2018plateau\u2019 on a TG curve will not necessarily correspond to a zero ordinate value of the DTG curve.<\/span><\/span>T\/F<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Thermal decomposition which overlap are often indicated more clearly by DTG curves than by the corresponding TG curves.<\/span><\/span>T<\/strong>\/F<\/p>\r\n

Activity 2E:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\"image\"<\/span><\/p>\r\nActivity 2F:<\/strong>\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \"image\"<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\"image\"<\/p>\r\n

Activity 2G:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\"image\"<\/p>\r\n

Activity 2H: <\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\"image\"<\/p>\r\n

Activity: 2J<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

1. <\/strong>Ans: a <\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Ca(OH)2(s)<\/sub> \u2192CaO (S) <\/sub> +H2<\/sub>O(g)<\/sub><\/p>\r\n

<\/span>74.1g <\/span> 56.1g <\/span>18g<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n

<\/span>% weight loss = 74.1-56.1\/ 74.1 <\/span>x 100 = 24.3%<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Ans: b<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

6PbO(s<\/sub>) + O2<\/sub>(g<\/sub>) \u2192 2Pb3<\/sub>O4(S)<\/sub><\/p>\r\n

1339.2 g<\/span> 1371.2 g<\/p>\r\n

% weight gain = 1371.2-1339.2\/ 1339.2 <\/span>x 100 = 2.4%<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

2. <\/strong>Ans: <\/strong><\/p>\r\n

The decrease in weight corresponds to the amount of carbon dioxide lost due to the decomposition of calcium carbonate present in the mixture as per the following reaction:<\/p>\r\n

<\/span>CaCO3<\/sub>(s)<\/sub>\u2192 CaO (s)<\/sub> + CO2<\/sub>(g)<\/sub>\u2191<\/p>\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Weight loss = 250.6-190.8 = 59.8 mg<\/p>\r\n

<\/span>1mol of CaCO3<\/sub> \u2261 1 mol of CO2<\/sub><\/p>\r\n

<\/span>100.1mg of CaCO3<\/sub>\u2261 44mg of CO2<\/sub><\/p>\r\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span>? \u2261 59.8 mg of CO2<\/sub><\/p>\r\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span> =\u00a0 100.1 x 59.844\/ 44\u00a0 = <\/span>136.05 mg of CaCO3<\/sub><\/p>\r\n

Weight of the sample = 250.6 mg = mixture of CaCO3<\/sub> & CaO<\/p>\r\n

<\/span>250.6 mg of mixture = 136.05 mg of CaCO3<\/sub><\/p>\r\n

<\/span>100 mg of mixture = 136.05 x 100\/ 250.6<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0= 54.29% <\/strong>of CaCO3<\/sub><\/p>\r\n

3.<\/strong>Ans: <\/strong>CaC2<\/sub>O4<\/sub>.H2<\/sub>O(s)<\/sub>\u2192 CaC2<\/sub>O4(s)<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>O \u2191<\/p>\r\n

<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 CaC2<\/sub>O4(s)<\/sub> \u2192 CaCO3(s)<\/sub> + CO(g) <\/sub>\u2191<\/p>\r\n

<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 CaCO3(s)<\/sub> \u2192CaO(s)<\/sub> + CO2(g)<\/sub> \u2191<\/p>\r\n

<\/span>ii. Calculate the % weight loss at each step.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n

<\/span>% weight loss = initial weight-final weight\/ initial weight\u00a0 <\/span>x 100<\/p>\r\n

<\/span>% weight loss at step 1 =\u00a0 17.61-15.44\/17.61x100<\/span><\/p>\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 % weight loss at step 1 = 12.32 <\/strong>\r\n

% weight loss at step 2 <\/span>= 15.44-12.06\/15.44 x 100<\/span><\/p>\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 % weight loss at step 2= 21.89 <\/strong>\r\n

% weight loss at step 3 <\/span>= 12.06-6.76\/ 12.06x100<\/span><\/p>\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 % weight loss at step 3 = 43.95<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>\r\n

Activity 3A: <\/strong><\/p>\r\n

The record shown is that of a DTA<\/strong> experiment since the ordinate<\/strong> plot \u2206T which is a differential<\/strong> temperature. The downward<\/strong> direction of the peak indicates that a endothermic<\/strong> reaction has occurred. This in turn implies that the corresponding enthalpy<\/strong> change (\u2206H) must have been positive<\/strong> ie the value of enthalpy after<\/strong> the thermal effect was greater<\/strong> than its value before<\/strong>. This means that the sample took in<\/strong> heat during the reaction. Furthermore, there is evidence of a change in the heat capacity <\/strong>as the temperature is increased beyond the thermal transition. This is shown by the displacement<\/strong> of the baseline<\/strong> just beyond the end.<\/p>\r\n

Answers: Select from the following list<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

[upward\/downward<\/strong>, free energy\/heat capacity<\/strong>, greater<\/strong>\/less, DTG\/DTA<\/strong>, base-line<\/strong>\/background, derivative\/differential<\/strong>, took in<\/strong>\/gave out, negative\/positive<\/strong>, enthalpy<\/strong>\/entropy, before\/after<\/strong>\/during, exothermic\/endothermic<\/strong>\/isothermal, abscissa\/ordinate<\/strong>, distortion\/displacement<\/strong>.]<\/p>\r\n

Activity 3B<\/strong>: <\/strong>Yes, they do offer an explanation. The curve for polyester shows that it melts at 255\u1d52C. Molten polymer is in contact with the skin is a real hazard. Cotton, on the other hand, does not melt. It decomposes at 345\u1d52C.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Activity 4A: <\/strong>Read each of the statements and mark them as True or False<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

(i) In DSC the sample and reference positions are provided with their own separate\u00a0heating sources, so that the assembly may be operated on a \u2018null balance\u2019 basis. T<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

(ii) In DTA the equipment is so designed that the temperature of the sample is equal\u00a0to that of the reference material at every point in the heating programme. F<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

(iii) Chemical decompositions which give rise to weight changes may be detected by <\/span>DTA and DSC. <\/span>T<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

(iv) The main components of a conventional differential thermal analyser consists of following: F (programmer missing)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 a. The sample\/reference holder<\/p>\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 b. The thermocouple<\/p>\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 c. The furnace<\/p>\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 d. The amplifier<\/p>\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0e. The recorder<\/p>\r\n

Activity 4B: <\/strong><\/p>\r\n

If \u2206H < 0, the system has undergone an endothermic\/ exothermic <\/strong>change which means<\/p>\r\n

Ts<\/sub> > TR<\/sub> [Choose the correct option: =, <, >]<\/p>\r\n

Conversely \u2206H > 0 means endothermic<\/strong> change and Ts<\/sub> < TR <\/sub>[Choose the correct option: =, <, >]<\/p>\r\n

In order to keep \u2206T = 0 [\u2206T = Ts<\/sub> \u2013 TR<\/sub>]<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n \t
  • In case of an endothermic reaction we must provide heat to sample<\/strong>\/reference.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • In case of an exothermic reaction we must provide heat to sample\/reference<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

    Activity 4C: <\/strong>Observe the DSC curve given in \u2018figure 4.3a<\/strong>.\u2019 and answer the following<\/p>\r\n

    questions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      \r\n \t
    • How many transitions are seen in the above diagram?\u00a0 Ans: Two<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • Do you see any endotherm or exotherm? If yes, how many? Ans: One endotherm and one exotherm.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • What does the endo or exothermic nature of the transition tell you about transition or \u2206H value? Ans: Endotherm:<\/strong> + ve \u2206H (heat is absorbed) Exotherm:<\/strong> -ve \u2206H (heat is given out)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
            \r\n \t
          • Do you see a shift in the baseline post glass transition temperature?\u00a0 Ans: Yes, due to change in heat capacity<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
              \r\n \t
            • Is the DSC curve of PET useful in predicting stability of the polymer? Justify your answer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

              Yes, the melting point of any polymer is an important characteristic. It is the minimum temperature for processing the polymer and maximum temperature for using it. In addition, the glass transition temperature is useful since beyond this there is change in some of the physical properties of the polymer.<\/p>\r\n

              <\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

              \n

              Activity 1A: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              \n

              Thermal effect\/change<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Name of thermal method<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Weight<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              TG<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Dimension<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              TMA<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Energy (difference in temperature)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              DTA<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Acoustic property<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Thermoacoustimery<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Optical property<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Thermopotometry<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Electrical conductivity<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Electrothermal Analysis<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Magnetic property<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Thermomagnetometry<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              Activity 1B:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              \n

              Technique <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Quantity Measured<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              1)DSC<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Heat and temperature of transition and reactions<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              2)DTA<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Temperature of transitions and reactions.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              3)EGA<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Amount of gaseous products of thermally induced reactions.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              4)TG<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Weight change<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              Activity 1C:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              \n

              Phenomenon<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Exothermic<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Endothermic<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Adsorption<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Desorption<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Fusion (melting)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Vaporization <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Decomposition<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Dehydration<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              Activity 1D:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              \n

              Phenomenon<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Weight gain<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Weight loss<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Endothermic<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Exothermic<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Melting<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Adsorption of gas<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Desorption of gas<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Vaporisation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Dehydration<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Decomposition<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Sublimation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              Activity 2A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              \n

              Phenomenon<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Physical<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Chemical <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Adsorption<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Dehydration<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Desorption<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Fusion (melting)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Chemisorption<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Vaporization<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Decomposition<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Redox reactions<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Reduction in gaseous atmosphere<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              Activity 2B: <\/strong><\/p>\n

              a. The part of the TG curve where the mass is essentially constant \u2013 Plateau AB<\/p>\n

              b. The temperature at which cumulative mass change reaches a magnitude<\/p>\n

              that the thermobalance can detect -Point B<\/p>\n

              c. The temperature at which the cumulative mass change reaches a maximum-Point C<\/p>\n

              Activity 2C: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              \n
              \n

              Phenomenon<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n
              \n

              Type<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n
              \n

              Sublimation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n
              \n

              Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Adsorption of gas<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              X<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n
              \n

              Desorption of gas<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n
              \n

              Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Vaporisation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n
              \n

              Dehydration<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n
              \n

              Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              Decomposition<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n
              \n

              Melting<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n
              \n

              None<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              Activity 2D:<\/strong><\/p>\n

              A derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curve represents a plot of mass of sample, as a function of temperature. <\/span><\/span>T\/F<\/strong><\/p>\n

              A point of inflection on a thermogravimetric (TG) curve will correspond to a minimum on the DTG curve for a given chemical decomposition.<\/span><\/span>T<\/strong>\/F<\/p>\n

              A \u2018plateau\u2019 on a TG curve will not necessarily correspond to a zero ordinate value of the DTG curve.<\/span><\/span>T\/F<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Thermal decomposition which overlap are often indicated more clearly by DTG curves than by the corresponding TG curves.<\/span><\/span>T<\/strong>\/F<\/p>\n

              Activity 2E:<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \"image\"<\/span><\/p>\n

              Activity 2F:<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \"image\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \"image\"<\/p>\n

              Activity 2G:<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \"image\"<\/p>\n

              Activity 2H: <\/strong><\/p>\n

              \"image\"<\/p>\n

              Activity: 2J<\/strong><\/p>\n

              1. <\/strong>Ans: a <\/strong><\/p>\n

              Ca(OH)2(s)<\/sub> \u2192CaO (S) <\/sub> +H2<\/sub>O(g)<\/sub><\/p>\n

              <\/span>74.1g <\/span> 56.1g <\/span>18g<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

              <\/span>% weight loss = 74.1-56.1\/ 74.1 <\/span>x 100 = 24.3%<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Ans: b<\/strong><\/p>\n

              6PbO(s<\/sub>) + O2<\/sub>(g<\/sub>) \u2192 2Pb3<\/sub>O4(S)<\/sub><\/p>\n

              1339.2 g<\/span> 1371.2 g<\/p>\n

              % weight gain = 1371.2-1339.2\/ 1339.2 <\/span>x 100 = 2.4%<\/strong><\/p>\n

              2. <\/strong>Ans: <\/strong><\/p>\n

              The decrease in weight corresponds to the amount of carbon dioxide lost due to the decomposition of calcium carbonate present in the mixture as per the following reaction:<\/p>\n

              <\/span>CaCO3<\/sub>(s)<\/sub>\u2192 CaO (s)<\/sub> + CO2<\/sub>(g)<\/sub>\u2191<\/p>\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Weight loss = 250.6-190.8 = 59.8 mg<\/p>\n

              <\/span>1mol of CaCO3<\/sub> \u2261 1 mol of CO2<\/sub><\/p>\n

              <\/span>100.1mg of CaCO3<\/sub>\u2261 44mg of CO2<\/sub><\/p>\n

              <\/span><\/span><\/span>? \u2261 59.8 mg of CO2<\/sub><\/p>\n

              <\/span><\/span><\/span> =\u00a0 100.1 x 59.844\/ 44\u00a0 = <\/span>136.05 mg of CaCO3<\/sub><\/p>\n

              Weight of the sample = 250.6 mg = mixture of CaCO3<\/sub> & CaO<\/p>\n

              <\/span>250.6 mg of mixture = 136.05 mg of CaCO3<\/sub><\/p>\n

              <\/span>100 mg of mixture = 136.05 x 100\/ 250.6<\/span><\/p>\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0= 54.29% <\/strong>of CaCO3<\/sub><\/p>\n

              3.<\/strong>Ans: <\/strong>CaC2<\/sub>O4<\/sub>.H2<\/sub>O(s)<\/sub>\u2192 CaC2<\/sub>O4(s)<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>O \u2191<\/p>\n

              <\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 CaC2<\/sub>O4(s)<\/sub> \u2192 CaCO3(s)<\/sub> + CO(g) <\/sub>\u2191<\/p>\n

              <\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 CaCO3(s)<\/sub> \u2192CaO(s)<\/sub> + CO2(g)<\/sub> \u2191<\/p>\n

              <\/span>ii. Calculate the % weight loss at each step.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

              <\/span>% weight loss = initial weight-final weight\/ initial weight\u00a0 <\/span>x 100<\/p>\n

              <\/span>% weight loss at step 1 =\u00a0 17.61-15.44\/17.61×100<\/span><\/p>\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 % weight loss at step 1 = 12.32 <\/strong><\/p>\n

              % weight loss at step 2 <\/span>= 15.44-12.06\/15.44 x 100<\/span><\/p>\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 % weight loss at step 2= 21.89 <\/strong><\/p>\n

              % weight loss at step 3 <\/span>= 12.06-6.76\/ 12.06×100<\/span><\/p>\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 % weight loss at step 3 = 43.95<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

              Activity 3A: <\/strong><\/p>\n

              The record shown is that of a DTA<\/strong> experiment since the ordinate<\/strong> plot \u2206T which is a differential<\/strong> temperature. The downward<\/strong> direction of the peak indicates that a endothermic<\/strong> reaction has occurred. This in turn implies that the corresponding enthalpy<\/strong> change (\u2206H) must have been positive<\/strong> ie the value of enthalpy after<\/strong> the thermal effect was greater<\/strong> than its value before<\/strong>. This means that the sample took in<\/strong> heat during the reaction. Furthermore, there is evidence of a change in the heat capacity <\/strong>as the temperature is increased beyond the thermal transition. This is shown by the displacement<\/strong> of the baseline<\/strong> just beyond the end.<\/p>\n

              Answers: Select from the following list<\/strong><\/p>\n

              [upward\/downward<\/strong>, free energy\/heat capacity<\/strong>, greater<\/strong>\/less, DTG\/DTA<\/strong>, base-line<\/strong>\/background, derivative\/differential<\/strong>, took in<\/strong>\/gave out, negative\/positive<\/strong>, enthalpy<\/strong>\/entropy, before\/after<\/strong>\/during, exothermic\/endothermic<\/strong>\/isothermal, abscissa\/ordinate<\/strong>, distortion\/displacement<\/strong>.]<\/p>\n

              Activity 3B<\/strong>: <\/strong>Yes, they do offer an explanation. The curve for polyester shows that it melts at 255\u1d52C. Molten polymer is in contact with the skin is a real hazard. Cotton, on the other hand, does not melt. It decomposes at 345\u1d52C.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Activity 4A: <\/strong>Read each of the statements and mark them as True or False<\/strong><\/p>\n

              (i) In DSC the sample and reference positions are provided with their own separate\u00a0heating sources, so that the assembly may be operated on a \u2018null balance\u2019 basis. T<\/strong><\/p>\n

              (ii) In DTA the equipment is so designed that the temperature of the sample is equal\u00a0to that of the reference material at every point in the heating programme. F<\/strong><\/p>\n

              (iii) Chemical decompositions which give rise to weight changes may be detected by <\/span>DTA and DSC. <\/span>T<\/strong><\/p>\n

              (iv) The main components of a conventional differential thermal analyser consists of following: F (programmer missing)<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 a. The sample\/reference holder<\/p>\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 b. The thermocouple<\/p>\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 c. The furnace<\/p>\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 d. The amplifier<\/p>\n

              \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0e. The recorder<\/p>\n

              Activity 4B: <\/strong><\/p>\n

              If \u2206H < 0, the system has undergone an endothermic\/ exothermic <\/strong>change which means<\/p>\n

              Ts<\/sub> > TR<\/sub> [Choose the correct option: =, <, >]<\/p>\n

              Conversely \u2206H > 0 means endothermic<\/strong> change and Ts<\/sub> < TR <\/sub>[Choose the correct option: =, <, >]<\/p>\n

              In order to keep \u2206T = 0 [\u2206T = Ts<\/sub> \u2013 TR<\/sub>]<\/p>\n

                \n
              • In case of an endothermic reaction we must provide heat to sample<\/strong>\/reference.<\/li>\n
              • In case of an exothermic reaction we must provide heat to sample\/reference<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Activity 4C: <\/strong>Observe the DSC curve given in \u2018figure 4.3a<\/strong>.\u2019 and answer the following<\/p>\n

                questions.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • How many transitions are seen in the above diagram?\u00a0 Ans: Two<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                    \n
                  • Do you see any endotherm or exotherm? If yes, how many? Ans: One endotherm and one exotherm.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                      \n
                    • What does the endo or exothermic nature of the transition tell you about transition or \u2206H value? Ans: Endotherm:<\/strong> + ve \u2206H (heat is absorbed) Exotherm:<\/strong> -ve \u2206H (heat is given out)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        \n
                      • Do you see a shift in the baseline post glass transition temperature?\u00a0 Ans: Yes, due to change in heat capacity<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                          \n
                        • Is the DSC curve of PET useful in predicting stability of the polymer? Justify your answer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Yes, the melting point of any polymer is an important characteristic. It is the minimum temperature for processing the polymer and maximum temperature for using it. In addition, the glass transition temperature is useful since beyond this there is change in some of the physical properties of the polymer.<\/p>\n

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