{"id":40,"date":"2024-01-18T06:54:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-18T06:54:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=40"},"modified":"2024-11-30T06:42:05","modified_gmt":"2024-11-30T06:42:05","slug":"2-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/chapter\/2-1\/","title":{"raw":"2.1 Photosynthesis","rendered":"2.1 Photosynthesis"},"content":{"raw":"Photosynthesis is an essential\u00a0 biological process to all life forms on earth that captures energy originating in space\u00a0 ( from sunlight) and convert it into\u00a0 chemical compounds ( like carbohydrates) that powers the metabolism of every organism.\r\n\r\nGlobal carbon cycle involves the <span>The building and breaking of carbon-based material. It involves the building up of complex organic molecules\u00a0 through photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and then back to carbon dioxide through the process of respiration.<\/span>\r\n\r\nThe energy from coal and petroleum products which we use today represents the energy captured from sunlight\u00a0 by photosynthesis around 200 million years ago. These\u00a0<span> fossil fuels are the ancient remains of once-living organisms, and they provide best example of the carbon\u00a0 cycle .<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span> The carbon cycle would not be possible without photosynthesis, because this process accounts for the \"building\" portion of the cycle\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are the only organisms capable of performing photosynthesis .<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">These organisms use light to manufacture their own food, and are called<span>\u00a0<\/span><strong>autotrophs<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>(\u201cself-feeders\u201d).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Other organisms, such as animals, fungi, and most other bacteria rely on the sugars produced by the autotrophs for their energy and are termed<span>\u00a0<\/span><strong>heterotrophs<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>(\u201cother feeders\u201d),<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\"><strong>The importance of photosynthesis <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Capture sunlight\u2019s energy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-BodyText\">\u00a0 Store the energy in solar radiation as high-energy electrons in the carbon-carbon bonds of carbohydrate molecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span>Essential to the global carbon cycle<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-BodyText\">\u00a0Photosynthesis powers Earth\u2019s ecosystems.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>The Process\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<span>Photosynthesis is a multi-step proces<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span>It requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water as substrates . The products of the process include Oxygen and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ( GA3P).\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nGA3P can subsequently converted into glucose, sucrose or other sugars , which the living things need for their energy,\r\n\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/rwu.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2020\/07\/image4-4.jpeg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"649\" height=\"132\" \/>\r\n<div class=\"contentSection\">\r\n<div class=\"sectionParas\">\r\n<div class=\"paraArticle\">\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<span>\u00a0<\/span>on Earth.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"clear\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em;font-weight: bold\">What Cells and Organelles Are Involved in Photosynthesis?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"contentSection\">\r\n<div class=\"sectionTitle\">\r\n\r\nAll photosynthetic cells contain special pigments that\u00a0 absorb light energy.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"tcPage\">\r\n<div class=\"articleContent padtop10px\">\r\n<div class=\"contentSection\">\r\n<div class=\"sectionParas\">\r\n<div class=\"paraArticle\">\r\n\r\nDifferent pigments respond to different wavelengths of visible light.\r\n\r\n<b>Chlorophyll<\/b>, which is present in chloroplast in plants is\u00a0 the primary pigment used in photosynthesis,\r\n\r\nChlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs red and blue light most strongly.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Refer to <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/chapter\/1-5-cell-organelles\/\" title=\"Chapter 1.5\">chapter 1.5<\/a> to know\/ recollect about the chloroplast structure<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nChlorophyll A is the major pigment used in photosynthesis\r\n\r\nThere are also several types of chlorophyll and numerous other pigments that respond to light, including red, brown, and blue pigments. These\u00a0 pigments may help channel light energy to chlorophyll A or protect the cell from photo-damage.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"clear\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em;font-weight: bold\">What Are the Steps of Photosynthesis?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div><span>Photosynthesis takes place in two stages namely :\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><span> the light-dependent reactions and <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span>The light independent reaction called the<strong> Calvin cycle.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/67\/Photosynthesis_overview.png\/800px-Photosynthesis_overview.png?20220602210027\" alt=\"File:Photosynthesis overview.png\" class=\"aligncenter\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Photosynthesis_overview.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"Photosynthesis \"<\/a><span>\u00a0by\u00a0<\/span><a>E Laurent, via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><span>\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a><\/p>\r\n<strong>The light-dependent reactions<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThese reactions take place at the thylakoid membrane,\r\n\r\nChlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight and then converts it into chemical energy with the use of water.\r\n\r\nThe light-dependent reactions release oxygen from the hydrolysis of water as a byproduct.\r\n\r\nWhen light energy reaches the pigment molecules, it energizes the electrons within them,\r\n\r\nThese electrons are shunted to an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane.\r\n\r\nEvery step in the electron transport chain then brings each electron to a lower energy state and harnesses its energy by producing ATP and NADPH.\r\n\r\nMeanwhile, each chlorophyll molecule replaces its lost electron with an electron from water; this process essentially splits water molecules to produce oxygen\r\n\r\nWater (H<sub>2<\/sub>O) is oxidized, and oxygen (O<sub>2<\/sub>) is released. The electrons that freed from the water are transferred to ATP and NADPH.\r\n\r\n<strong>The light independent reaction or the dark reaction or\u00a0 the Calvin cycle\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThese reactions takes place outside the thylakoid in the stroma,.\r\n\r\nIn these reactions, the energy from ATP and NADPH is used to fix carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>). hence this process is also known as <strong>carbon fixation.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nEnergy from the ATP and NADPH molecules generated by the light reactions drives a chemical pathway during which the carbon in atmospheric carbon dioxide is used to build\u00a0 a three-carbon sugar called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GA3P).\r\n\r\nGA3P is then built in to a\u00a0\u00a0 wide variety of other sugars (such as glucose) and organic molecules.\r\n\r\nMany of these interconversions occur outside the chloroplast, following the transport of G3P from the stroma.\r\n\r\nThe products of these reactions are then transported to other parts of the cell, including the mitochondria, where they are broken down to make more energy carrier molecules to satisfy the metabolic demands of the cell.\r\n\r\nIn plants, some sugar molecules are stored as sucrose or starch.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">The carriers that move energy from the light-dependent reactions to the Calvin cycle reactions can be thought of as \u201cfull\u201d because they bring energy.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"sectionParas\">\r\n\r\nAfter the energy is released, the \u201cempty\u201d energy carriers return to the light-dependent reactions to obtain more energy.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"contentSection\">\r\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"sectionParas\">\r\n<div class=\"paraArticle\">\r\n<div class=\"imageSetTC Left \">\r\n<div class=\"topRB fleft margin5px\">\r\n<div class=\"bottomRB fleft\">\r\n<div class=\"leftRB\">\r\n<div class=\"rightRB\">\r\n<div class=\"bottomLeftRB\">\r\n<div class=\"bottomRightRB\">\r\n<div class=\"topLeftRB\">\r\n<div class=\"topRightRB\">\r\n<div class=\"clearfix bgwhiteImp clear pad10px\">\r\n<div class=\"clear\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video references<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<div class=\"clearfix bgwhiteImp clear pad10px\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"clear\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/ap-biology\/cellular-energetics\/photosynthesis\/v\/photosynthesis\" title=\"Video on photosynthesis\">Watch the video from Khan academy to understand the process of Photosynthesis\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/pwymX2LxnQs?si=5z_zkoJUWzORZXKV\" title=\"Virtual tour inside a plant leaf\">Watch the video Travel deep inside a leaf from California academy of sciences for an exciting virtual tour inside the plant leaf and to know understand the process of photosynthesis <\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/DT9X5G-POdc?si=8dOYnYcSoQDC7iPT\" title=\"Factors affecting photosynthesis\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">Watch the video from Khan academy to know the factors affecting photosynthesis\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Test your Understanding<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[h5p id=\"23\"]\r\n\r\nDrag and drop the options in to suitable boxes\r\n\r\n<span>[h5p id=\"111\"]<\/span>","rendered":"<p>Photosynthesis is an essential\u00a0 biological process to all life forms on earth that captures energy originating in space\u00a0 ( from sunlight) and convert it into\u00a0 chemical compounds ( like carbohydrates) that powers the metabolism of every organism.<\/p>\n<p>Global carbon cycle involves the <span>The building and breaking of carbon-based material. It involves the building up of complex organic molecules\u00a0 through photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and then back to carbon dioxide through the process of respiration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The energy from coal and petroleum products which we use today represents the energy captured from sunlight\u00a0 by photosynthesis around 200 million years ago. These\u00a0<span> fossil fuels are the ancient remains of once-living organisms, and they provide best example of the carbon\u00a0 cycle .<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span> The carbon cycle would not be possible without photosynthesis, because this process accounts for the &#8220;building&#8221; portion of the cycle\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are the only organisms capable of performing photosynthesis .<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">These organisms use light to manufacture their own food, and are called<span>\u00a0<\/span><strong>autotrophs<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>(\u201cself-feeders\u201d).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Other organisms, such as animals, fungi, and most other bacteria rely on the sugars produced by the autotrophs for their energy and are termed<span>\u00a0<\/span><strong>heterotrophs<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>(\u201cother feeders\u201d),<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\"><strong>The importance of photosynthesis <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Capture sunlight\u2019s energy.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-BodyText\">\u00a0 Store the energy in solar radiation as high-energy electrons in the carbon-carbon bonds of carbohydrate molecules.<\/li>\n<li><span>Essential to the global carbon cycle<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"import-BodyText\">\u00a0Photosynthesis powers Earth\u2019s ecosystems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The Process\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Photosynthesis is a multi-step proces<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>It requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water as substrates . The products of the process include Oxygen and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ( GA3P).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>GA3P can subsequently converted into glucose, sucrose or other sugars , which the living things need for their energy,<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/rwu.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2020\/07\/image4-4.jpeg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"649\" height=\"132\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"contentSection\">\n<div class=\"sectionParas\">\n<div class=\"paraArticle\">\n<div>\n<p><span>\u00a0<\/span>on Earth.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em;font-weight: bold\">What Cells and Organelles Are Involved in Photosynthesis?<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"contentSection\">\n<div class=\"sectionTitle\">\n<p>All photosynthetic cells contain special pigments that\u00a0 absorb light energy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"tcPage\">\n<div class=\"articleContent padtop10px\">\n<div class=\"contentSection\">\n<div class=\"sectionParas\">\n<div class=\"paraArticle\">\n<p>Different pigments respond to different wavelengths of visible light.<\/p>\n<p><b>Chlorophyll<\/b>, which is present in chloroplast in plants is\u00a0 the primary pigment used in photosynthesis,<\/p>\n<p>Chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs red and blue light most strongly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Refer to <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/chapter\/1-5-cell-organelles\/\" title=\"Chapter 1.5\">chapter 1.5<\/a> to know\/ recollect about the chloroplast structure<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Chlorophyll A is the major pigment used in photosynthesis<\/p>\n<p>There are also several types of chlorophyll and numerous other pigments that respond to light, including red, brown, and blue pigments. These\u00a0 pigments may help channel light energy to chlorophyll A or protect the cell from photo-damage.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em;font-weight: bold\">What Are the Steps of Photosynthesis?<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span>Photosynthesis takes place in two stages namely :\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<ol>\n<li><span> the light-dependent reactions and <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>The light independent reaction called the<strong> Calvin cycle.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/67\/Photosynthesis_overview.png\/800px-Photosynthesis_overview.png?20220602210027\" alt=\"File:Photosynthesis overview.png\" class=\"aligncenter\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Photosynthesis_overview.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;Photosynthesis &#8220;<\/a><span>\u00a0by\u00a0<\/span><a>E Laurent, via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><span>\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>The light-dependent reactions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>These reactions take place at the thylakoid membrane,<\/p>\n<p>Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight and then converts it into chemical energy with the use of water.<\/p>\n<p>The light-dependent reactions release oxygen from the hydrolysis of water as a byproduct.<\/p>\n<p>When light energy reaches the pigment molecules, it energizes the electrons within them,<\/p>\n<p>These electrons are shunted to an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane.<\/p>\n<p>Every step in the electron transport chain then brings each electron to a lower energy state and harnesses its energy by producing ATP and NADPH.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, each chlorophyll molecule replaces its lost electron with an electron from water; this process essentially splits water molecules to produce oxygen<\/p>\n<p>Water (H<sub>2<\/sub>O) is oxidized, and oxygen (O<sub>2<\/sub>) is released. The electrons that freed from the water are transferred to ATP and NADPH.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The light independent reaction or the dark reaction or\u00a0 the Calvin cycle\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>These reactions takes place outside the thylakoid in the stroma,.<\/p>\n<p>In these reactions, the energy from ATP and NADPH is used to fix carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>). hence this process is also known as <strong>carbon fixation.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules generated by the light reactions drives a chemical pathway during which the carbon in atmospheric carbon dioxide is used to build\u00a0 a three-carbon sugar called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GA3P).<\/p>\n<p>GA3P is then built in to a\u00a0\u00a0 wide variety of other sugars (such as glucose) and organic molecules.<\/p>\n<p>Many of these interconversions occur outside the chloroplast, following the transport of G3P from the stroma.<\/p>\n<p>The products of these reactions are then transported to other parts of the cell, including the mitochondria, where they are broken down to make more energy carrier molecules to satisfy the metabolic demands of the cell.<\/p>\n<p>In plants, some sugar molecules are stored as sucrose or starch.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">The carriers that move energy from the light-dependent reactions to the Calvin cycle reactions can be thought of as \u201cfull\u201d because they bring energy.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sectionParas\">\n<p>After the energy is released, the \u201cempty\u201d energy carriers return to the light-dependent reactions to obtain more energy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"contentSection\">\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"sectionParas\">\n<div class=\"paraArticle\">\n<div class=\"imageSetTC Left\">\n<div class=\"topRB fleft margin5px\">\n<div class=\"bottomRB fleft\">\n<div class=\"leftRB\">\n<div class=\"rightRB\">\n<div class=\"bottomLeftRB\">\n<div class=\"bottomRightRB\">\n<div class=\"topLeftRB\">\n<div class=\"topRightRB\">\n<div class=\"clearfix bgwhiteImp clear pad10px\">\n<div class=\"clear\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video references<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"clearfix bgwhiteImp clear pad10px\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"clear\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/ap-biology\/cellular-energetics\/photosynthesis\/v\/photosynthesis\" title=\"Video on photosynthesis\">Watch the video from Khan academy to understand the process of Photosynthesis\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/pwymX2LxnQs?si=5z_zkoJUWzORZXKV\" title=\"Virtual tour inside a plant leaf\">Watch the video Travel deep inside a leaf from California academy of sciences for an exciting virtual tour inside the plant leaf and to know understand the process of photosynthesis <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/DT9X5G-POdc?si=8dOYnYcSoQDC7iPT\" title=\"Factors affecting photosynthesis\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">Watch the video from Khan academy to know the factors affecting photosynthesis\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Test your Understanding<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"h5p-23\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-23\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"23\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Overview of Photosynthesis\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Drag and drop the options in to suitable boxes<\/p>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-111\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-111\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"111\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Calvin cycle\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Photosynthesis","pb_subtitle":"Photosynthesis","pb_authors":["malathi","sushumna"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[62,66],"license":[54],"class_list":["post-40","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-malathi","contributor-sushumna","license-cc-by-sa"],"aioseo_notices":[],"part":32,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/40","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/40\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2063,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/40\/revisions\/2063"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/32"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/40\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=40"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=40"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=40"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}