{"id":370,"date":"2024-03-23T16:34:49","date_gmt":"2024-03-23T16:34:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/?post_type=chapter&p=370"},"modified":"2024-11-30T06:27:22","modified_gmt":"2024-11-30T06:27:22","slug":"1-5-a-cell-organelles-of-both-plant-and-animals","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/chapter\/1-5-a-cell-organelles-of-both-plant-and-animals\/","title":{"raw":"1.5.a. Cell organelles of both Plant and animals","rendered":"1.5.a. Cell organelles of both Plant and animals"},"content":{"raw":"
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The Nucleus<\/h1>\r\nThe nucleus (plural = nuclei)\u00a0is the most prominent\u00a0 and largest organelle in a cell. It is the cell's control center.<\/span>\r\n\r\nThe DNA is present in the nucleus. The DNA is encoded with the genetic information.\r\n\r\nNucleus contains a thick liquid called nucleoplasm\r\n\r\nThe composition of nucleoplasm is similar to that of cytoplasm.\r\n\r\nMost eukaryotic cells contain just a single nucleus.\r\n\r\nSome types of cells\u00a0 like red blood cells contain no nucleus and a few other types of cells\u00a0 such as muscle cells contain multiple nuclei.\r\n\r\nThe nucleus is surrounded by a double membranous structure called the nuclear envelope.\r\n\r\nThe tiny holes are present\u00a0 in the nuclear envelope and these are called nuclear pores through which molecules move in and out of the nucleus.\r\n\r\nThe structure called nucleolus is\u00a0 housed inside the nucleus. It is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes.\r\n\r\nThe ribosomes after being produced in the nucleus are exported to the cytoplasm, where they are involved in the synthesis of proteins.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\"In\r\n

\"Nucleus\"<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>by\u00a0<\/span>CNX OpenStax,<\/a><\/a><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>is licensed under\u00a0<\/span>CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Watch the video about the Nucleus of the cell<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/KRkYOgbCyhE?si=pbkT_tdSCeX5aPTf\r\n
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Mitochondria<\/h1>\r\nThe mitochondrion ( plural mitochondria) are the \"powerhouse of a cell\"\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>as they make energy required for a cell .\r\n\r\nThey use organic compounds such as glucose and through metabolic process called [pb_glossary id=\"471\"]Glycolysis[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"472\"]Tri carboxylic acid cycle[\/pb_glossary] and<\/strong>\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"473\"]Electron transport chain[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> make ATP ( Adenosine Triphosphate molecules)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes!<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n \r\n\r\nMitochondria have a complex structure including an inner and outer membrane.\r\n\r\nThe inner membrane contains\u00a0 a version of cytoplasm, called matrix.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"31\"]<\/span>\r\n

Can mitochondria be considered a cell?\u00a0 as they have there own DNA and ribosomes.<\/span><\/h2>\r\nTo explain this scientists have put forward a theory called Endosymbiotic theory.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAccording to this theory mitochondria\u00a0 were once considered to be\u00a0 free-living organism as they contain their own DNA and were considered as ancient prokaryotic cells.\r\n\r\nThese cells were then engulfed by larger prokaryotic cells.\r\n\r\nThe two cells then evolved a symbiotic relationship where the larger cells provided the smaller prokaryotes with a place to live. In return, the larger cells got extra\u00a0energy\u00a0from the smaller prokaryotes.\r\n\r\nEventually, the smaller prokaryotes became permanent guests of the larger cells and stayed as organelles inside them.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nEndoplasmic Reticulum<\/span>\r\n\r\nThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of interconnected membranous tubules.<\/span>\r\n\r\nThere are two separate areas of the endoplasmic reticulum: the rough endoplasmic reticulum<\/strong> and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum,<\/strong> respectively.<\/span>\r\n\r\nThe hollow portion of the ER tubules is called the lumen or cisternal space<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n
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The membrane of the ER is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins and is continuous with the nuclear envelope.<\/p>\r\n

The\u00a0<\/span>rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)<\/strong> <\/span>:\u00a0 This is so named because when viewed through the electron microscope ,the ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface give it a studded appearance .\u00a0The ribosomes synthesize proteins while attached to the ER and\u00a0 transfer of the\u00a0 newly synthesized proteins into the lumen of the RER . Here the proteins\u00a0 undergo modifications such as folding or addition of sugars. The RER also makes phospholipids for cell membranes<\/p>\r\n

The phospholipids or modified proteins that are not destined to stay in the RER, will be packaged within vesicles and transported from the RER by vesicles budding from the membrane. Since the RER is abundant in cells that secrete proteins, such as the liver.<\/p>\r\n\"File:Endoplasmic\r\n

\"Rough endoplasmic reticulum\"<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>by\u00a0<\/span>Laboratoires Servier,<\/a><\/a><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>is licensed under\u00a0<\/span>CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The\u00a0<\/span>smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)<\/strong>\u00a0 : Th<\/span>is is continuous with the RER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface.It serves the following functions such as :<\/p>\r\n\r\n