{"id":256,"date":"2024-03-23T09:27:09","date_gmt":"2024-03-23T09:27:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=256"},"modified":"2025-05-14T13:20:43","modified_gmt":"2025-05-14T13:20:43","slug":"3-7-chemical-coordination","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/chapter\/3-7-chemical-coordination\/","title":{"raw":"3.7 Chemical Coordination","rendered":"3.7 Chemical Coordination"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"message\">\r\n<div class=\"content user-select-text\" aria-label=\"Sent by Copilot: Human movement is a complex process involving the coordinated action of various systems in the body. Here are some key aspects: ### Types of Movements 1. **Flexion and Extension**: - **Flexion**: Bending a joint, decreasing the angle between two bones (e.g., bending the elbow). - **Extension**: Straightening a joint, increasing the angle between two bones (e.g., straightening the knee). 2. **Abduction and Adduction**: - **Abduction**: Moving a limb away from the midline of the body (e.g., raising the arms sideways). - **Adduction**: Moving a limb towards the midline of the body (e.g., lowering the arms to the sides). 3. **Rotation**: - **Medial Rotation**: Rotating a limb towards the midline. - **Lateral Rotation**: Rotating a limb away from the midline. 4. **Circumduction**: - A circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (e.g., moving the arm in a circular motion). 5. **Pronation and Supination**: - **Pronation**: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces downwards. - **Supination**: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces upwards. ### Systems Involved 1. **Skeletal System**: Provides the framework and support for movement. 2. **Muscular System**: Muscles contract and relax to produce movement. 3. **Nervous System**: Sends signals to muscles to initiate and control movement. 4. **Cardiovascular System**: Supplies oxygen and nutrients to muscles. 5. **Respiratory System**: Provides oxygen for muscle activity[^1^][^2^][^3^]. ### Key Concepts - **Neuromuscular Junction**: The site where nerve impulses are transmitted to muscle fibers, causing them to contract[^3^]. - **Planes and Axes**: Movements occur in specific planes (sagittal, coronal, transverse) and around specific axes (sagittal, coronal, vertical)[^2^]. Understanding these basics can help in fields like anatomy, physiology, and even in developing educational content related to human biology. If you need more detailed information or specific aspects, feel free to ask!\">\r\n<div class=\"ac-container ac-adaptiveCard\">\r\n<div class=\"ac-textBlock\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"message\">\r\n<div class=\"content user-select-text\" aria-label=\"Sent by Copilot: Chemical coordination in human physiology is primarily managed by the **endocrine system**, which uses hormones to regulate various bodily functions. Here are some key points: ### Endocrine System The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones act as chemical messengers, influencing various physiological processes. ### Major Endocrine Glands and Their Functions 1. **Hypothalamus**: - Located in the brain, it links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. - Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the pituitary gland. 2. **Pituitary Gland**: - Often called the &quot;master gland&quot; because it controls other endocrine glands. - Secretes hormones like growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). 3. **Thyroid Gland**: - Located in the neck, it regulates metabolism through the secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). 4. **Adrenal Glands**: - Located above the kidneys, they produce hormones like cortisol (stress response) and aldosterone (regulates salt and water balance). 5. **Pancreas**: - Produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels. 6. **Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)**: - Produce sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, which are crucial for reproductive functions. ### Hormonal Functions - **Growth and Development**: Hormones like GH and thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development. - **Metabolism**: Thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate, while insulin and glucagon control blood glucose levels. - **Reproduction**: Sex hormones regulate reproductive cycles and secondary sexual characteristics. - **Homeostasis**: Hormones help maintain internal balance, such as blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte levels[^1^][^2^][^3^]. ### Mechanism of Hormone Action Hormones bind to specific receptors on target cells, triggering a response that can alter cellular activity. This process ensures that the body's functions are coordinated and regulated efficiently. Understanding chemical coordination is crucial for fields like medicine, biology, and even educational content creation. If you need more detailed information or specific aspects, feel free to ask! [^1^]: [NCERT](https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/kebo122.pdf) [^2^]: [Kenhub](https:\/\/www.kenhub.com\/en\/library\/physiology\/human-physiology) [^3^]: [CliffsNotes](https:\/\/www.cliffsnotes.com\/study-guides\/biology\/biology\/chemical-coordination\/hormones-and-glands)\">\r\n<div class=\"ac-container ac-adaptiveCard\" id=\"entity-image-top\">\r\n<div><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Chemical coordination in human physiology is primarily managed by the <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">endocrine system<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">, which uses hormones to regulate various bodily functions. Hormones are released into body fluids such as usually blood , which carries these chemicals to their target cells. The receptors on the target cells bind the hormones (\u00a0 signal or ligand) and thereby elicit a response.<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ac-textBlock\">\r\n\r\nThe cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones make up the endocrine system.\r\n<h1>Classes of Hormones<\/h1>\r\n<span id=\"m44766-fs-idp213417824\"><\/span>Although there are many different hormones in the human body, they can be divided into three classes based on their chemical structure as\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Lipid-derived hormones :<\/strong>\u00a0 These can diffuse across plasma membranes.Steroid hormones are the main class of lipid hormones in humans. Chemically speaking, these hormones are typically either ketones or alcohols; the last letter in their names will be \"-one\" for ketones or \"-ol\" for alcohols. Estradiol, an estrogen and the female sex hormone, and testosterone, an androgen and the male sex hormone, are two examples of steroid hormones. The male and female reproductive systems release these two hormones, respectively. Together with certain other androgens, the adrenal glands also secrete cortisol and aldosterone, which are other steroid hormones. Transport proteins in blood carry steroid hormones, which are soluble in water. They therefore stay in the body longer than peptide hormones. Cortisol, for instance, has a half-life of 60.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/2021\/02\/Figure_37_01_01abc.jpg\" alt=\"Figure_37_01_01abc\" width=\"519\" height=\"402\" class=\"aligncenter\" \/>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/chapter\/18-1-types-of-hormones\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"The structures of (a) cholesterol, plus the steroid hormones (b) testosterone and (c) estradiol.\"<\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><span>\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Amino acid-derived hormones :<\/strong> <span>\u00a0These are water-soluble and insoluble in lipids and hence c<\/span>annot pass through the plasma membrane. The chemical name of these hormone's\u00a0 will conclude with \"-ine\" if it is generated from amino acids. <span>\u00a0These hormones <\/span><span id=\"m44766-autoid-cnx2dbk-id1827628\"><\/span><span>\u00a0are derived from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Amino acids derived hormones include\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Thyroxine: produced by the thyroid gland,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Epinephrine and norepinephrine : made by adrenal gland medulla<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Melatonin :\u00a0 controls sleep cycles and is produced and secreted by the pineal gland in the brain.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/2015\/03\/Figure_37_01_02ab.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"278\" class=\"aligncenter\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/chapter\/18-1-types-of-hormones\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"Aminoacid derived hormones\"<\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><span>\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Peptide (peptide and proteins) hormones :<\/strong> T<span>hese are water-soluble and insoluble in lipids and hence c<\/span>annot pass through the plasma membrane. These hormones can be either poly peptides or proteins.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Examples of peptide hormones are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone ( secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Examples of protein hormone includes Growth hormones , insulin and\u00a0 follicle-stimulating hormone<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif; font-size: 1.602em;\">Endocrine System<\/span>\r\n\r\nThe endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.\u00a0Major Endocrine Glands and Their functions :\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hypothalamus<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Located in the brain, it links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the pituitary gland.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Pituitary Gland<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Often called the \u201cmaster gland\u201d because it controls other endocrine glands.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Secretes hormones like growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Thyroid Gland<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Located in the neck, it regulates metabolism through the secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Adrenal Glands<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Located above the kidneys, they produce hormones like cortisol (stress response) and aldosterone (regulates salt and water balance).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Pancreas<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Produce sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, which are crucial for reproductive functions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ySkk7U_4PeY?si=zcFMVODlW7Ost3kg\" title=\"Hormones and their function\">Watch the video from Khan academy to know about the major hormones and their function<\/a><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/ySkk7U_4PeY?si=zcFMVODlW7Ost3kg[\/embed]\r\n<h3>Hormonal Functions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Growth and Development<\/strong>: Hormones like Growth hormone and thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Metabolism<\/strong>: Thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate, while insulin and glucagon control blood glucose levels.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Reproduction<\/strong>: Sex hormones regulate reproductive cycles and secondary sexual characteristics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Homeostasis:<\/strong> Hormones help maintain internal balance such as blood pressur ,fluid balance and electrolyte levels<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif; font-size: 1.602em;\">Mechanism of Hormone Action<\/span>\r\n\r\nHormones bind to specific receptors on target cells, triggering a response that can alter cellular activity. This process ensures that the body\u2019s functions are coordinated and regulated efficiently.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Attempt the exercises given below and test your understanding about hormones and their function<\/strong><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<span>\u00a0[h5p id=\"129\"]<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span>[h5p id=\"78\"]<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"message\">\n<div class=\"content user-select-text\" aria-label=\"Sent by Copilot: Human movement is a complex process involving the coordinated action of various systems in the body. Here are some key aspects: ### Types of Movements 1. **Flexion and Extension**: - **Flexion**: Bending a joint, decreasing the angle between two bones (e.g., bending the elbow). - **Extension**: Straightening a joint, increasing the angle between two bones (e.g., straightening the knee). 2. **Abduction and Adduction**: - **Abduction**: Moving a limb away from the midline of the body (e.g., raising the arms sideways). - **Adduction**: Moving a limb towards the midline of the body (e.g., lowering the arms to the sides). 3. **Rotation**: - **Medial Rotation**: Rotating a limb towards the midline. - **Lateral Rotation**: Rotating a limb away from the midline. 4. **Circumduction**: - A circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (e.g., moving the arm in a circular motion). 5. **Pronation and Supination**: - **Pronation**: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces downwards. - **Supination**: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces upwards. ### Systems Involved 1. **Skeletal System**: Provides the framework and support for movement. 2. **Muscular System**: Muscles contract and relax to produce movement. 3. **Nervous System**: Sends signals to muscles to initiate and control movement. 4. **Cardiovascular System**: Supplies oxygen and nutrients to muscles. 5. **Respiratory System**: Provides oxygen for muscle activity[^1^][^2^][^3^]. ### Key Concepts - **Neuromuscular Junction**: The site where nerve impulses are transmitted to muscle fibers, causing them to contract[^3^]. - **Planes and Axes**: Movements occur in specific planes (sagittal, coronal, transverse) and around specific axes (sagittal, coronal, vertical)[^2^]. Understanding these basics can help in fields like anatomy, physiology, and even in developing educational content related to human biology. If you need more detailed information or specific aspects, feel free to ask!\">\n<div class=\"ac-container ac-adaptiveCard\">\n<div class=\"ac-textBlock\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"message\">\n<div class=\"content user-select-text\" aria-label=\"Sent by Copilot: Chemical coordination in human physiology is primarily managed by the **endocrine system**, which uses hormones to regulate various bodily functions. Here are some key points: ### Endocrine System The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones act as chemical messengers, influencing various physiological processes. ### Major Endocrine Glands and Their Functions 1. **Hypothalamus**: - Located in the brain, it links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. - Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the pituitary gland. 2. **Pituitary Gland**: - Often called the &quot;master gland&quot; because it controls other endocrine glands. - Secretes hormones like growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). 3. **Thyroid Gland**: - Located in the neck, it regulates metabolism through the secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). 4. **Adrenal Glands**: - Located above the kidneys, they produce hormones like cortisol (stress response) and aldosterone (regulates salt and water balance). 5. **Pancreas**: - Produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels. 6. **Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)**: - Produce sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, which are crucial for reproductive functions. ### Hormonal Functions - **Growth and Development**: Hormones like GH and thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development. - **Metabolism**: Thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate, while insulin and glucagon control blood glucose levels. - **Reproduction**: Sex hormones regulate reproductive cycles and secondary sexual characteristics. - **Homeostasis**: Hormones help maintain internal balance, such as blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte levels[^1^][^2^][^3^]. ### Mechanism of Hormone Action Hormones bind to specific receptors on target cells, triggering a response that can alter cellular activity. This process ensures that the body's functions are coordinated and regulated efficiently. Understanding chemical coordination is crucial for fields like medicine, biology, and even educational content creation. If you need more detailed information or specific aspects, feel free to ask! [^1^]: [NCERT](https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/kebo122.pdf) [^2^]: [Kenhub](https:\/\/www.kenhub.com\/en\/library\/physiology\/human-physiology) [^3^]: [CliffsNotes](https:\/\/www.cliffsnotes.com\/study-guides\/biology\/biology\/chemical-coordination\/hormones-and-glands)\">\n<div class=\"ac-container ac-adaptiveCard\" id=\"entity-image-top\">\n<div><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Chemical coordination in human physiology is primarily managed by the <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">endocrine system<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">, which uses hormones to regulate various bodily functions. Hormones are released into body fluids such as usually blood , which carries these chemicals to their target cells. The receptors on the target cells bind the hormones (\u00a0 signal or ligand) and thereby elicit a response.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"ac-textBlock\">\n<p>The cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones make up the endocrine system.<\/p>\n<h1>Classes of Hormones<\/h1>\n<p><span id=\"m44766-fs-idp213417824\"><\/span>Although there are many different hormones in the human body, they can be divided into three classes based on their chemical structure as<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lipid-derived hormones :<\/strong>\u00a0 These can diffuse across plasma membranes.Steroid hormones are the main class of lipid hormones in humans. Chemically speaking, these hormones are typically either ketones or alcohols; the last letter in their names will be &#8220;-one&#8221; for ketones or &#8220;-ol&#8221; for alcohols. Estradiol, an estrogen and the female sex hormone, and testosterone, an androgen and the male sex hormone, are two examples of steroid hormones. The male and female reproductive systems release these two hormones, respectively. Together with certain other androgens, the adrenal glands also secrete cortisol and aldosterone, which are other steroid hormones. Transport proteins in blood carry steroid hormones, which are soluble in water. They therefore stay in the body longer than peptide hormones. Cortisol, for instance, has a half-life of 60.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/2021\/02\/Figure_37_01_01abc.jpg\" alt=\"Figure_37_01_01abc\" width=\"519\" height=\"402\" class=\"aligncenter\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/chapter\/18-1-types-of-hormones\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;The structures of (a) cholesterol, plus the steroid hormones (b) testosterone and (c) estradiol.&#8221;<\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><span>\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Amino acid-derived hormones :<\/strong> <span>\u00a0These are water-soluble and insoluble in lipids and hence c<\/span>annot pass through the plasma membrane. The chemical name of these hormone&#8217;s\u00a0 will conclude with &#8220;-ine&#8221; if it is generated from amino acids. <span>\u00a0These hormones <\/span><span id=\"m44766-autoid-cnx2dbk-id1827628\"><\/span><span>\u00a0are derived from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Amino acids derived hormones include\n<ul>\n<li>Thyroxine: produced by the thyroid gland,<\/li>\n<li>Epinephrine and norepinephrine : made by adrenal gland medulla<\/li>\n<li>Melatonin :\u00a0 controls sleep cycles and is produced and secreted by the pineal gland in the brain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/2015\/03\/Figure_37_01_02ab.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"278\" class=\"aligncenter\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/chapter\/18-1-types-of-hormones\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;Aminoacid derived hormones&#8221;<\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><span>\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Peptide (peptide and proteins) hormones :<\/strong> T<span>hese are water-soluble and insoluble in lipids and hence c<\/span>annot pass through the plasma membrane. These hormones can be either poly peptides or proteins.\n<ul>\n<li>Examples of peptide hormones are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone ( secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain).<\/li>\n<li>Examples of protein hormone includes Growth hormones , insulin and\u00a0 follicle-stimulating hormone<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif; font-size: 1.602em;\">Endocrine System<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.\u00a0Major Endocrine Glands and Their functions :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Hypothalamus<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Located in the brain, it links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.<\/li>\n<li>Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the pituitary gland.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pituitary Gland<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Often called the \u201cmaster gland\u201d because it controls other endocrine glands.<\/li>\n<li>Secretes hormones like growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thyroid Gland<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Located in the neck, it regulates metabolism through the secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Adrenal Glands<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Located above the kidneys, they produce hormones like cortisol (stress response) and aldosterone (regulates salt and water balance).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pancreas<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Produce sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, which are crucial for reproductive functions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ySkk7U_4PeY?si=zcFMVODlW7Ost3kg\" title=\"Hormones and their function\">Watch the video from Khan academy to know about the major hormones and their function<\/a><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Endocrine system (major hormones &amp; functions) | Control &amp; Coordination | Biology | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ySkk7U_4PeY?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Hormonal Functions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Growth and Development<\/strong>: Hormones like Growth hormone and thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Metabolism<\/strong>: Thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate, while insulin and glucagon control blood glucose levels.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reproduction<\/strong>: Sex hormones regulate reproductive cycles and secondary sexual characteristics.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Homeostasis:<\/strong> Hormones help maintain internal balance such as blood pressur ,fluid balance and electrolyte levels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif; font-size: 1.602em;\">Mechanism of Hormone Action<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Hormones bind to specific receptors on target cells, triggering a response that can alter cellular activity. This process ensures that the body\u2019s functions are coordinated and regulated efficiently.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Attempt the exercises given below and test your understanding about hormones and their function<\/strong><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-129\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-129\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"129\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Quiz for 3.7\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-78\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-78\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"78\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Endocrine System: Drag the correct anatomical location, hormone(s) produced, and function onto each gland\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Chemical coordination","pb_subtitle":"Chemical coordination","pb_authors":["malathi"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[62],"license":[54],"class_list":["post-256","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-malathi","license-cc-by-sa"],"aioseo_notices":[],"part":34,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/256","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/256\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2182,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/256\/revisions\/2182"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/34"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/256\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=256"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=256"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=256"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=256"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}