{"id":2018,"date":"2024-11-22T09:24:39","date_gmt":"2024-11-22T09:24:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/?post_type=back-matter&p=2018"},"modified":"2024-11-22T09:25:02","modified_gmt":"2024-11-22T09:25:02","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.justwrite.in\/interactive-biology-secondary\/back-matter\/glossary\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary","rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"raw":"","rendered":"
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\u00a0isoprenoids<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Branched lipids also known as terpenoids<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

, chloroplasts<\/strong><\/dfn><\/dt>\n
<\/dd>\n
Cellulose<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Primary Structural component of plant cell wall<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Chromoplasts<\/strong><\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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makes and stores plant pigments .These pigments give flowers their colour<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

granum<\/strong><\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Each stck of thylakoid<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

macromolecule<\/strong>s.<\/strong><\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules and functional groups combine with this chain to form biomolecules. As these biomolecules are\u00a0 large they are called\u00a0 macromolecules<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

micro nutrients or trace elements<\/strong><\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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These are required only in small amounts by the cell. These elements\u00a0include sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), molybdenum (Mo), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), or vanadium (Va)<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Microfilaments<\/strong>\u00a0<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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These are thin cytoskeletal fibres and they help in cellular components movements <\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

stomata<\/strong><\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Apertures in the epidermis of plant cell bounded by guard cells<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Aquaporins<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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These are channel proteins that allow water to pass through the membrane at very high rate<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

autotrophs<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Organisms capable of making their own food<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

carbohydrates.\u201d<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Hydrated carbon atom chains<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

cell wall<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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is located outside the cell membrane . It gives shape,support and protect the cell<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

cell wall,<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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The cell wall is a structure external to the plasma membrane . The cell wall is a rigid covering that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell. Unique component of plant cell.Fungal and protist cells also have cell walls.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

cellulose<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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A polysaccharide comprised of glucose units<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

central vacuole<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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it contains water and dissolved substances . Maitains pressure against the inside of the cell wall<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

centrosomes<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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The centrosome is an organelle present in an animal cell that acts as the microtubule-organizing center of the cell. It also regulates the cell cycle<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

chloroplasts,<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Like mitochondria, chloroplasts also have their own DNA and ribosomes. Chloroplasts function in photosynthesis and can be found in eukaryotic cells such as plants and algae<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

chyme<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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The semi liquid form of the food after digestion by stomach acids and enzymes <\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Cilia<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Brush-like projections of plasma membrane <\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Cytokinesis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Division of cytoplasm<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

D-glucose<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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A hexose, most abundant monosaccharide in nature<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Electron transport chain<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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The electron transport chain is a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation. It occurs in mitochondria in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Exocytosis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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The process of moving material out of the cell<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

flagella<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Whip-like extensions of the plasma membrane<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Glycogen<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Primary energy storage molecules in animals and bacteria<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Glycolysis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway that is used by all cells for the oxidation of glucose to generate energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and intermediates for use in other metabolic pathway.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

heterotrophs<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

hopanoids<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Compounds similar to cholesterol produced by bacteria<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Karyokinesis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Division of the nucleus<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Lactose<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Milk sugar<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Liposomes:<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Lipid spheres made of bilayer sheets<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

lysosomes<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are involved in various cell processes like break down excess or worn-out cell parts, destroying invading viruses and bacteria,programmed cell death, or apoptosis.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

macronutrients<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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The most abundant elements in cells , These include carbon, oxygen,nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Maltose<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Grain Sugar<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Meiosis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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The process of cell division of the gametic cells<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Microtubules<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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These are thickest cytoskeletal fibres ,they help in organelle movement . The pull the chromosomes to their poles during cell division<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Microvilli<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Finger-like projections of plasma membrane . They help in absorption <\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Mitosis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Process by which the somatic cells divide<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Peptide bond,<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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This bond is formed by the reaction of the\u00a0carboxylic acid\u00a0group of one aminoacid molecule with the\u00a0amine group\u00a0of another aminoacid molecule.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

peristalsis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Wave like muscle contraction by which the food moves through the esophagus.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Phagocytosis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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The process of cell eating<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

photosynthesis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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The process by which plants make their own food like sugar and starch using carbon dioxide ,water and sunlight and liberate oxygen<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Pinocytosis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Process of cell drinking<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

plasma membrane<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. In bacterial and plant cells, a cell wall is attached to the plasma membrane on its outside surface<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

plasmodesmata,<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Plasmodesmata (singular = plasmodesma) are junctions between plant cells,<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

plastids<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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any of a class of small organelles in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Starch<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Energy storage molecule in plants<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

sterols<\/strong><\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Most common type of steroids<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

stroma.<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Fluid within the inner membrane of the chloroplast that surrounds the grana<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Sucrose<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Table sugar<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

thylakoids.<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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A set of interconnected and stacked fluid filled membrane sacs seen within the inner membrane of the chloroplast<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Transcription.<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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It is the process by which cells copy a particular portion of its DNA nucleotide sequence\u2014a gene\u2014into an RNA nucleotide sequence.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Translation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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The molecular process of protein synthesis<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

translation.<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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Translation is the process of conversion of nucleic acid information into amino acids.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Tri carboxylic acid cycle<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
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TCA cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle is also known as citric acid cycle or kreb's cycle and occurs in the matrix of mitochondria.The TCA cycle plays a central role in the breakdown, or catabolism, of organic fuel molecules.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

definition<\/span>